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Link to ���������ֳ�' Report(s): Oman

���������ֳ�-Hong Kong-18 December 2018: ���������ֳ� has downgraded Oman's Long-Term Foreign-Currency Issuer Default Rating (IDR) to 'BB+' from 'BBB-'with a Stable Outlook.

A full list of rating actions is at the end of this rating action commentary.

KEY RATING DRIVERS
The downgrade reflects the following key rating drivers:

Despite a sharp increase in average oil prices this year, we expect Oman's budget deficit to narrow only gradually to 9% of GDP, still one of the largest deficits among ���������ֳ�-rated sovereigns. This has exposed the rigidity of public expenditure and weaknesses in Oman's fiscal policy framework. We estimate that Oman's underlying fiscal stance has become more expansionary in 2018, as measured by a widening of the non-oil primary deficit.

Although additional hydrocarbon revenue and some non-oil revenue measures have narrowed the deficit from around 14% of GDP in 2017 and more than 21% of GDP in 2016, government spending has increased again. This is despite continued restraint on the civil service payroll and capital spending. In nominal terms, the deficit will be only about 10% smaller than budgeted, despite oil prices averaging more than 30% above the 2018 budget assumption of USD50/bbl. We estimate that Oman would have needed an oil price of USD96/bbl in 2018 to reach budget balance.

Lower oil prices will limit policy space in 2019-20. We forecast the fiscal deficit will widen to 10% of GDP in 2019 under our baseline assumption that average Brent oil prices will moderate to USD65/bbl. We also assume that Oman's voluntary commitment to OPEC will constrain average oil production to the 2018 level of around 980 thousand bbl/day, below capacity. Renewed spending restraint, the introduction of VAT and excise tax, continued revenue gains from the new Khazzan gas field and a 5% increase in oil production could narrow the deficit to around 7% of GDP by 2020, despite an assumed moderation of oil prices to USD62.5/bbl.

Fiscal deficits are leading to a sharp deterioration in Oman's sovereign and external balance sheets. We expect government debt to continue on an upward trend well into the 2020s, reaching 58% of GDP by 2020, from 48% of GDP in 2018 and well above the historical 'BBB' median of 36% of GDP. Sovereign net foreign assets (SNFA) will become a negative 8% of GDP in 2020, from an asset position of 7% of GDP in 2018, becoming worse than the 'BBB' median of 3% of GDP. This reflects government external borrowing, the drawdown of reserves and the use of the State General Reserve Fund (SGRF) for financing. Oman's overall net external debt will rise to 53% of GDP in 2020 from 37% of GDP in 2018, also reflecting SOE borrowing. The historical 'BBB' median net external debt is around 7% of GDP.

The outlook for oil production, prices and the pass-through of oil revenues to the government's budget is highly uncertain. We estimate that a USD5/bbl change in oil prices could change the fiscal deficit by around 2% of GDP, all else equal. A change in oil production of around 5% (around 50 thousand bbl/day) relative to our forecast could shift the overall fiscal deficit by more than 1% of GDP. Petroleum Development Oman appears to be on track to expand oil production capacity by around 100 thousand bbl/day from 2017 levels (a 10% addition to Oman's existing production).

Oman's 'BB+' rating and Stable Outlook also reflect the following key rating drivers:

Oman's ratings balance its undiversified economy, high fiscal and external deficits and debt ratios against relatively high GDP per capita and a SNFA position that remains for now stronger than that of other 'BB' category sovereigns

Oman has been able to fund its fiscal and external deficits from a diverse range of sources, and significant public sector assets greatly mitigate financing risks. We estimate that SGRF foreign assets could potentially allow the government to stay out of the debt markets for one to two years. Our assumption is for gross foreign issuance of around USD5 billion per year in 2019-2020 (after USD8 billion in 2018). Debt issuance will be accompanied by drawdowns of around USD1 billion per year from the SGRF (from USD1.3 billion in 2018), privatisation receipts of USD650 million per year and average gross domestic issuance equivalent to around USD2 billion per year.

We expect real GDP growth of 2.8% in 2018, from a contraction of 0.9% in 2017. Nominal GDP data points to broad-based growth in 9M18, with a moderation of fiscal consolidation supporting domestic demand and with only the construction sector seeing a drop in activity. The weakness of the construction sector reflects a wind-down of government capital spending projects and is contributing to falling expatriate employment (down by more than 3% yoy in October). On the hydrocarbon side, oil and gas production is expanding, as is refining activity on the back of the commissioning of the Sohar refinery expansion project last year. Our forecasts assume that growth will fluctuate between 1.8% in 2019 and 3.0% in 2020, reflecting swings in oil production.

There is significant potential for higher growth and government revenue from new hydrocarbon projects, which will be critical to stabilising public and external finances. Phase 2 of the Khazzan gas field could start producing in 2021, adding a further 0.5 billion scft/day of capacity (around 0.1 million boe/day), after the 1 bscft/day addition from Phase 1 in 2017-2018. The recently-discovered Mabrouk field, is estimated to contain more than 4.7 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas (a 12% addition to Oman's existing reserves) and 112 million barrels of condensate (a 2% addition to existing reserves of oil and condensate). The government is in discussions with Shell and Total on potential new downstream projects including gas-to-liquids and LNG.

Most structural indicators are in line with the 'BBB' median, including World Bank governance indicators. ���������ֳ� views the banking system as relatively strong, with regulatory capital at around 16% of risk-weighted assets and non-performing loan ratios in the low single digits (despite a recent up-tick). The social pressure resulting from the low employment rate of young Omanis is a risk to public finances. The domestic political scene remains stable, but uncertainty continues to envelop the eventual succession to Sultan Qaboos, who has not publicly designated a successor. The constitution stipulates that the ruling family must choose a new Sultan within three days of the post becoming vacant, otherwise a letter containing the sultan's recommendation is opened. The economy and government budget revenues are still not diversified, although structural reforms are underway that seek to address this.

SOVEREIGN RATING MODEL (SRM) and QUALITATIVE OVERLAY (QO)
���������ֳ�'s proprietary SRM assigns Oman a score equivalent to a rating of 'BBB-' on the Long-Term Foreign-Currency (LT FC) IDR scale.

���������ֳ�'s sovereign rating committee adjusted the output from the SRM to arrive at the final LT FC IDR by applying its QO, relative to rated peers, as follows:
- Public Finances: -1 notch, to reflect the rigidity of expenditure and a weak fiscal policy framework, which have contributed to a track record of fiscal slippages and a sharp build-up of net public and external debt.

���������ֳ�'s SRM is the agency's proprietary multiple regression rating model that employs 18 variables based on three-year centred averages, including one year of forecasts, to produce a score equivalent to a LT FC IDR. ���������ֳ�'s QO is a forward-looking qualitative framework designed to allow for adjustment to the SRM output to assign the final rating, reflecting factors within our criteria that are not fully quantifiable and/or not fully reflected in the SRM.

RATING SENSITIVITIES
The main factors that could lead to positive rating action are:
- Narrowing of the budget deficit resulting in stabilisation of the government debt/GDP, for example as a result of an improved fiscal policy framework.
- Sustainable reduction of net external debt/GDP.

The main factors that could lead to negative rating action are:
- Continued increases in government debt/GDP or drawdown in assets, for example due to a failure to reduce the budget deficit.
- Continued increases in net external debt/GDP.

KEY ASSUMPTIONS
���������ֳ� assumes that Brent crude will average USD72.5/bbl in 2018, USD65/bbl in 2019 and USD62.5/bbl in 2020.

���������ֳ� assumes that an eventual transition of power from Sultan Qaboos will be smooth and ensure broad policy continuity.

���������ֳ� assumes no change to the peg of the Omani rial to the US dollar.

The full list of rating actions is as follows:

Long-Term Foreign-Currency IDR downgraded to 'BB+' from 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable
Long-Term Local-Currency IDR downgraded to 'BB+' from 'BBB-'; Outlook Stable
Short-Term Foreign-Currency IDR downgraded to 'B' from 'F3'
Short-Term Local-Currency IDR downgraded to 'B' from 'F3'
Country Ceiling downgraded to 'BBB-' from 'BBB'
Issue ratings on long-term senior unsecured foreign-currency bonds downgraded to 'BB+' from 'BBB-'
Issue ratings on the sukuk trust certificates of Oman Sovereign Sukuk S.A.O.C. downgraded to 'BB+' from 'BBB-'

Contact:
Primary Analyst
Krisjanis Krustins
Director
+852 2263 9831
���������ֳ� (Hong Kong) Limited
19/F Man Yee Building
68 Des Voeux Road Central
Hong Kong

Secondary Analyst
Toby Iles
Director
+852 2263 9832

Committee Chairperson
Michele Napolitano
Senior Director
+44 20 3530 1882

Media Relations: Peter Fitzpatrick, London, Tel: +44 20 3530 1103, Email: peter.fitzpatrick@thefitchgroup.com
Wai-Lun Wan, Hong Kong, Tel: +852 2263 9935, Email: wailun.wan@thefitchgroup.com

Additional information is available on
Applicable Criteria
Country Ceilings Criteria - Effective from 19 July 2018 to 5 July 2019 (pub. 19 Jul 2018)
Sovereign Rating Criteria - Effective from 19 July 2018 to 27 May 2019 (pub. 19 Jul 2018)
Sukuk Rating Criteria - Effective from 25 July 2018 to 22 July 2019 (pub. 25 Jul 2018)

Additional Disclosures
Dodd-Frank Rating Information Disclosure Form
Solicitation Status
Endorsement Policy